That's where collateral comes in. I guess the credit card analogy only works in the likening it to cash aspect. For the other aspects a mortgage might be a better analogy.
The little guy had cash in hand for maybe 24 hours (and even then probably just a certified check). Maybe a little later, say 10 years in they get a home equity line of credit and the bank takes back the previously paid off part of the house as collateral again.
I don't doubt repossession of the little guy's house is easier and happens more often than a Bezos loosing his collateral :) and for every Bezos there are probably quite a few small and medium business owners that put their businesses as collateral to get that line of credit and that did get repossessed.
This practice also comes with all sorts of tax benefits as well.
If they really need to pay some of it back then the company might decide to buy back some shares.
And realistically, like the old adage says: If you owe the bank $1M it owns you, if you owe the bank $1B you own the bank.